: Competition for control over trade routes and colonies. II. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)
This was the first "all-European" war, involving most states of the continent. : The Habsburg Bloc : Austria and Spain (Catholic). : Competition for control over trade routes and colonies
: Albrecht von Wallenstein (Imperial general) and Gustavus Adolphus (King of Sweden). : Competition for control over trade routes and colonies
: Denmark, Sweden, France, the Netherlands, and Russia (joined via supply support). : Competition for control over trade routes and colonies
: A turning point where Ottoman expansion into Europe was definitively halted.
: Major powers (Habsburgs vs. France) fought for European hegemony.
: France and Sweden gained significant lands; the independence of the Netherlands and Switzerland was officially recognized.
