In December 1997, the seat of government moved from the southern city of Almaty to the centrally located steppe city of Astana.
The design attempts to blend modern Western technological advancements with traditional nomadic motifs and nature-inspired themes. 3. Infrastructure and Sustainable Urbanization astana
The Production of a New Eurasian Capital: Architecture, Identity, and Urban Sustainability in Astana Abstract In December 1997, the seat of government moved
The shift was driven by the need for ethnic integration, demographic balancing, and the establishment of a sovereign Kazakh identity independent of Soviet legacies. In December 1997