To achieve stable shapes, carbon’s atomic orbitals combine to form hybrid orbitals :
Trigonal planar shape (e.g., ethene), involves double bonds. sp: Linear shape (e.g., ethyne), involves triple bonds. Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
Atoms share electron pairs. These can be sigma ( ) bonds (single bonds) or pi ( ) bonds (found in double and triple bonds). 2. Electronic Effects (The "Six Pillars") To achieve stable shapes, carbon’s atomic orbitals combine
Carbon is the "backbone" of organic chemistry because it is , meaning it can form four stable covalent bonds with other atoms. These can be sigma ( ) bonds (single
Tetrahedral shape (e.g., methane), involves single bonds.
This is carbon's unique ability to link with other carbon atoms to form long chains or rings.
Organic chemistry centers on the study of carbon-containing compounds and their derivatives. Its core principles revolve around understanding how the unique properties of carbon allow it to form millions of stable, complex molecules, from simple fuels like methane to the intricate DNA and proteins that sustain life. 1. The Nature of Carbon and Bonding