En - 13445-3

Annex B provides the "Direct Route" for design using Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis for complex geometries. Scope and Application

Generally uses lower safety factors than ASME VIII, leading to thinner walls for similar pressures. EN 13445-3

Detailed design rules for flat ends, flanges, heat exchanger tubesheets, and bolted ends. Annex B provides the "Direct Route" for design

Rules for determining required wall thicknesses for cylindrical, spherical, and conical shells. heat exchanger tubesheets