: The propellant is completely consumed, but the high-pressure gas continues to expand and push the projectile until it leaves the muzzle. ⚙️ Key Technical Factors
The entire process occurs in milliseconds and is typically divided into three distinct stages: Interior ballistics
: The ratio of the propellant volume to the total chamber volume; higher density generally leads to more uniform burning. : The propellant is completely consumed, but the
: Once pressure exceeds the "shot-start" resistance, the projectile begins to move down the barrel. Propellant continues to burn, and gas volume increases as the projectile accelerates. Propellant continues to burn, and gas volume increases
: Often coupled with ballistic codes to study how the physical structure of the barrel deforms under pressure.
: High-temperature gases (up to 3,000°C) cause gradual "washing" or wear of the barrel, eventually affecting accuracy and life span. 💻 Mathematical & Computational Modeling
: Simplified "zero-dimensional" codes (like IBHVG2 ) that calculate average pressure and velocity. They are fast and ideal for initial design.