: The foundational theory explaining the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates, which creates major landforms like mountains and volcanoes. Educational Context

According to Texas A&M College of Arts and Sciences and other educational resources, the discipline is organized into several core areas:

: Points at which a small change in an external condition can cause a rapid and significant shift in an ecosystem.

: Examines the distribution and movement of water across the Earth, including river dynamics, glaciers, and coastal processes.

: Focuses on soil formation (weathering), its functions, and management within different ecosystems. Core Concepts in Physical Geography: The Basics