Sardine -

They thrive globally, particularly in the northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans [4].

The global sardine industry faces significant environmental and regulatory challenges:

Beyond traditional canning, sardines are featured in diverse recipes ranging from sardine toast [41] to savory Tarte Tatin sardine

Emerging "skincare in a can" trends highlight their ability to boost collagen and overall skin health [19].

The popularity of the subject has even extended into tabletop games, such as the Sunny Day Sardines card game [34]. Modern research is exploring ways to convert sardine

Modern research is exploring ways to convert sardine solid waste into high-value products like natural hydroxyapatite for water treatment [3] or refined fish oil for food enrichment [7]. 4. Cultural and Culinary Trends

Sardines belong to the family Clupeidae [5, 14]. Key species include the European sardine ( Sardina pilchardus ) [4] and the Pacific sardine ( Sardinops sagax ) [33]. Key species include the European sardine ( Sardina

Many regions, such as the Iberian Coast and the Mediterranean, have seen historical declines in recruitment [2, 23].