: Traits like intellectual humility and autonomy that aim for deep understanding rather than mere memorization.
: Virtues and vices are formed through habit. If a virtue like temperance is not actively practiced, it can erode over time, allowing competing non-temperate actions to take root. Foundational Classifications Virtues and Their Vices
Historically, virtues like , justice , and temperance have been viewed as intermediaries between two distinct vices: a deficiency and an excess. For example, courage exists as a noble mean between the deficiency of cowardice and the excess of recklessness . : Traits like intellectual humility and autonomy that
Modern and historical scholarship, such as the comprehensive volume Virtues and Their Vices by Kevin Timpe and Craig A. Boyd, categorizes these traits into distinct sections to better understand their roles in human life: Boyd, categorizes these traits into distinct sections to
: Often referred to as the "Seven Deadly Sins"—pride, greed, envy, wrath, lust, gluttony, and sloth—which are countered by "remedial" virtues like humility, charity, and patience.
: Foundational traits like prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance.